MATERIAL GRAMMER OF TOEFL
STRUCTURE
TOEFL
test materials consisted of four sessions, which typically must be completed in
a total time of 3 hours. Each session has its own time limit, so it takes the
ability to solve the “true and fast”. Each session include:
1.
Listening Comprehension
This
section consists of 50 questions, you are required to answer the question that
is played (this matter is not recoeded in the books about). In this case the
matter related to the three types of conversations: Conversations short, long
conversations, and a long story.
PART A: Short Dialogue
In
this section, there will be a short conversation between two people. After the
conversation,the question relating to the conversation will be provided. Both the
conversation and the question will not be repeated. Short dialogue consists of
several skill/ability, namely:
-
Skill 1 : Restatement
-
Skill 2 : Negatives
-
Skill 3 : Suggestions
-
Skill 4 : Passive
-
Skill 5 : Who and Where
-
Skill 6 : Agrement
PART B: Long Conversation
In
this section, there will be the topic of casual conversation between a student
with a duration of about 60-90 seconds. After a long conversation finishes will
be followed by a number of multiple choice questions which all refer to the
length of the conversation.
PART C: Talks
In
this section, there will be some talks with a duration about 60-90 seconds of
the life of the school or college, ech followed by multiple choice questions.
Example:
You will
hear the conversation of two people as follows :
(man) : What’s the matter? You don’t
look too good.
(woman) : I was frightened by a loud noise.
(narrator) : WHAT DOES THE WOMAN MEAN?
In the
booklet you will get the following answer choices :
a.
She was not allowed to fight.
b.
Something scared her.
c.
She mad a loud noise that frightened some people.
d.
Some loud neighbors had a fight.
Answer: (B) is the most appropriate. I was Frightened by a loud noise means
something is scaring her.
2.
Grammar Structure and Written Expression
Type of
question is a structure with multiple-choice questions which required knowledge
of grammar or correct grammar.
Example:
Guppies are
sometimes call rainbow fish because of the males’s bright
colors.
A B C D
Answer: The sentence should read, “Guppies are sometimes called rainbow fish
because of the male’s bright colors.” Therefore, you should choose A.
3.
Reading Comprehension
You will face questions about the
form the story, where there will be questions related to hte story. The story
can be used for one or more questions. Reading comprehension questuions at the
session for questions and a book should be read carefully.
4.
Writing
You will be given a theme, anf the
theme is developed into writing in the engllish language. There are usually a
limited number of characters minimum that should be on your writing.
TOEFL
STRUTURE
The struture section contains sentences that test your
knowledges of important structural and grammatical elements of standard written
english. These sentences include a variety of topics and give no particular
advantage to individuals in any specific field of study.
a. Basic Sentences Structure
In general,
there was no significant difference between the structure of English senteces
with Indonesian, where a sentences is built upon four main components, namely:
Subject (S)
+ Verb (V) + Complement (C) + Modifier (M)
Example:
We + studied
+ grammar + last week
1.
Subject
-
Is the agent of sentence in the active voice is
thing/person that performs of responsible for the action of a sentence.
-
Normally precedes the verb.
Example:
I explain how to study English.
She listens to
my explanation.
They didn’t
understand that language.
2.
Verb
Verb is the action of a sentences.
Example:
I am learning English. (am = auxilary, learning = main verb).
She has gone home. (has = auxilary, gone = main verb).
3.
Complement
Example:
-
Fadli bought a cake yesterday
What did fadli buy yesterday? (cake)
-
He saw Tony at the movie
Whom did he see at the movie? (Tony)
4.
Modifier
Example:
-
John bought a book at the book fair
Where did John buy a book? (at a book fair)
-
She is driving very fast
How is she driving? (very fast)
Example question:
A dream about falling ______
a.
scary is
b.
is scary
c.
are scary
d.
is very scary
Answer: A dream about falling is
scary, because the subject, A dream, a single subject and needs to be singular
verbs that act as complements to adjectives, scary.
b. Parallel Structure
Parallelism means that the words used in a series or group that should have
the same form as grammar. When we use words or phrases that are connected by a
chain, then it must be the same shape as grammar.
Example question
Identify and correct the mistakes
in the parallel structure in the following sentences
I swept the yard, weeded the
garden and .... the clothes.
a.
was washing
b.
Wash
c.
Washed
d.
Washing
Answer : I swept the yard, weeded the garden and washed the clothes, because the
sentences using the simple past tense using third without Auxiliary verb, so
the word verb wash should also use third without Auxiliary.
c. Comparative Adjectives
When talking about the two objects, we can compare and see the differences
as well similarities between the two objects. Maybe it has the same thing on
one side and the difference on the other side. To compare the difference
between the two objects we use comparative adjectives. Comparison is only using
comparative adjectives to compare between two objects only.
There are two ways to create a comparative adjectives:
1.
Adding the
suffix-er (short adjectives)
-
Generally only
added adjective-er, for example: older, smaller, richer, etc.
-
If the
ending-e, just add r, for example: later, nicer, etc.
-
If the ending
in a consonant-vowel-consonant, the final consonant plus, then plus-er, for
example: bigger, hotter, etc.
-
If the
ending-y, then y changed to i then added er, for example: happier, Earlier,
busier, heavier, etc.
2.
Adding more
prefix (long adjectives)
For long
adjectives, the rule only adds more words only on adjectives, for example:
expensive to be more expensive, more beautiful to be beautiful, and so on. Some adjectives have irregular shapes, such as good - better, well
(healthy) - better, bad - worse, far - farther / further, etc.
Example:
I'm ______ than Yuri but _____
than Miko.
a.
tallest,
shorter
b.
more tall, more
short
c.
taller,
shortest
d.
taller, shorter
Answer: I'm taller than Yuri but shorter than Michael, because
of the nature of the required line is just made up of one syllable and just
compare 2 objects.
d. Conditional
Clauses
Conditional (sentence presupposition) explains that an activity contrary to
other activities. The most common conditional is Real and Unreal Conditonal
Conditonal, sometimes called if-clauses. Real Conditional (often also referred
to as Conditional Type I) which describes mengandai-if in accordance with the
facts.
Unreal Conditional (often also referred to as Conditional Type II) which
describes the supposition that no real or imagined. There is also a 3rd
Conditional often called the Conditional Type III, is used as a regret that
happened in the past and zero conditionals, used to express something that is
definitely true.
Note: If the
clause "if" is placed at the beginning of a sentence, we must use the
"coma". Conversely, if the clause "if" is behind, then
there should be no comma
Conditional or modality has 3 forms:
1.
Future
Conditional (Conditional Type 1)
This assumption
states that something might happen in the future or now, if the terms/certain
conditions are met. Type 1
Conditional formula:
If + subject +
present simple modals (will, can, may, must) V1 (simple form)
example: If have money I will buy a new car
Simple If +
Subject + ... + subject + present simple-present
example: If he has enough time, John usually walks to school.
If + Subject + ... + command simple present form
example: If you go to the post office, please mail this letter for me!
2.
Unreal Present
(Conditional Type 2)
This assumption
states something contrary to what exists or happens now.
If + subject +
simple past modals (would, could, might) V1 (Simple Form)
example: If I had time, I would go to the beach with you
this weekend
(I do not have time so I could not go)
(I do not have time so I could not go)
He would tell you about it if he were here
(He would say if he were here, that because she's not here, he did not say/Because
he is not here he does not tell you about it.)
For the
if-clause in this form only to be "were" is used for all subjects.
if the
conditional type 2 can be removed is by using pattern inversion:
Were + subject
+ Adj / Noun + capital + subject (would, could, might) + V1
example: Were I John I would not forgive you.
(If only I was the john I will not forgive you, in fact I not john so I
forgive you / I'm not John so I forgive you).
He could hug
me, if he were here. (She may hug me, if he's here). The fact is: he can not
hug me, Because, he is not here.
3.
Unreal Past
(Conditional Type 3)
This assumption
states something contrary to what has happened (past).
Type 3 Conditional formula:
Type 3 Conditional formula:
If + Subject +
Past Perfect ... subject modals (would, could, might) have + V3
example:
If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.
(If only we knew you were there, we had sent a letter to you;
(If only we knew you were there, we had sent a letter to you;
which means that we do not send the letter because we do not know you're
there / I did not know that you were there so I did not write you a letter.
He would tell you about it if he were here.
If he did not speak so quickly intervening, you could understand him.
Form inversion
(without the "IF") for this pattern:
Had + subject +
subject + V3 ... modals (would, could, might) have + V3
inverse sentence above when written into:
inverse sentence above when written into:
Had we known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.
without changing the meaning or significance.
without changing the meaning or significance.
Example:
If it _____ so
cloudy, we would plan on having the fair outside
a.
Was
b.
was not
c.
were not
d.
had not
Answer: If it was not
so cloudy, we would plan on having the fair outside, because the parent
sentence using the V1, so this conditional sentence should use the type 2 and
thus require simple past tenses.
e.
Noun Clauses
Noun clause is
a clause (ie subject and verb) is used as a noun. Noun clause
in the sentence is generally used as a subject and an object sentences. Noun clause can be preceded by:
a.
Question word
or relative pronoun question either single word or phrase:
-
Single question
word (ie when, how, what, ect.).
-
Question word +
determiner / noun / adjective / adverb.
-
Question word +
infinitive.
b.
CONJUNCTION
(i.e. Whether and if).
c.
That or the
fact that.
Example :
Those students do not like to
read novels _______________ text books.
a.
In any case
b.
Forgetting
about
c.
Leaving out the
questions
d.
Much less
Answer: (d) Much less
f.
Gerund
A gerund phrase consists of a gerund, its object, and
all modifiers.
For example:
Eating blackberries without washing them will make you
ill.
In the gerund phrase above:
-
Eating is the gerund.
(A gerund
phrase always starts with the gerund.)
-
The word blackberries is the object of the
gerund.
g. Verb Tenses and Their Meanings
The Simple Tenses |
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Tense
|
Example
|
Meaning
|
|
Simple Present
|
|
Expresses
events or situations that exist always, usually,
orhabitually. These situations existed in the past,
exist now, and will probably exist in the future.
|
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Simple Past
|
|
Expresses
events or situations that occurred at one particular time in the
past. These situations began and ended in the past.
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Simple Future
|
|
Expresses
events or situations that will occur at one particular time in
the future.
|
The Progressive (or Continuous) Tenses |
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Form: be + -ing (present participle)
Meaning: This tense conveys that an event is in progress at a particular time. |
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Tense
|
Example
|
Meaning
|
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|
Present Progressive
|
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Expresses
events or situations that began in the past, are
in progress at the present time, and will probably
continue in the future.
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Past Progressive
|
|
Expresses
events or situations that were in progress at a particular time
in the past.
|
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Future Progressive
|
|
Expresses
events or situations that will be in progress at a particular
time in the future.
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The Perfect Tenses |
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Form: have + past participle
Meaning: This tense conveys that an event takes place before another time or event. |
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Tense
|
Example
|
Meaning
|
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|
Present Perfect
|
|
Expresses
events or situations that began in the pastand are
completed at the present time.
|
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Past Perfect
|
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Expresses
events or situations that were completed before a particular time
in the past.
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Future Perfect
|
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Expresses
events or situations that will be completed before a particular
time in the future.
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The Perfect Progressive Tenses |
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Form: have + been + -ing
Meaning: This tense conveys that an event is in progress immediately before and up to another time or event. It expresses the duration of the first event. |
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Tense
|
Example
|
Meaning
|
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|
Present Perfect Progressive
|
|
Expresses
events or situations that are in progress through the present
time.
|
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Past Perfect Progressive
|
|
Expresses
events or situations that were in progress through a particular
time in the past.
|
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Future Perfect Progressive
|
|
Expresses
events or situations that will be in progress through a
particular time in the future.
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